Paper 3, Section II, H

Analysis of Functions | Part II, 2019

(a) Prove that in a finite-dimensional normed vector space the weak and strong topologies coincide.

(b) Prove that in a normed vector space XX, a weakly convergent sequence is bounded. [Any form of the Banach-Steinhaus theorem may be used, as long as you state it clearly.]

(c) Let ℓ1\ell^{1} be the space of real-valued absolutely summable sequences. Suppose (ak)\left(a^{k}\right) is a weakly convergent sequence in ℓ1\ell^{1} which does not converge strongly. Show there is a constant ε>0\varepsilon>0 and a sequence (xk)\left(x^{k}\right) in ℓ1\ell^{1} which satisfies xk→0x^{k} \rightarrow 0 and ∥xk∥ℓ1⩾ε\left\|x^{k}\right\|_{\ell^{1}} \geqslant \varepsilon for all k⩾1k \geqslant 1.

With (xk)\left(x^{k}\right) as above, show there is some y∈ℓ∞y \in \ell^{\infty} and a subsequence (xkn)\left(x^{k_{n}}\right) of (xk)\left(x^{k}\right) with ⟨xkn,y⟩⩾ε/3\left\langle x^{k_{n}}, y\right\rangle \geqslant \varepsilon / 3 for all nn. Deduce that every weakly convergent sequence in ℓ1\ell^{1} is strongly convergent.

[Hint: Define yy so that yi=sign⁡xikny_{i}=\operatorname{sign} x_{i}^{k_{n}} for bn−1<i⩽bnb_{n-1}<i \leqslant b_{n}, where the sequence of integers bnb_{n} should be defined inductively along with xkn.]\left.x^{k_{n}} .\right]

(d) Is the conclusion of part (c) still true if we replace ℓ1\ell^{1} by L1([0,2π])?L^{1}([0,2 \pi]) ?

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