Paper 4, Section II, F

Linear Analysis | Part II, 2018

(a) Let XX be a separable normed space. For any sequence (fn)nNX\left(f_{n}\right)_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \subset X^{*} with fn1\left\|f_{n}\right\| \leqslant 1 for all nn, show that there is fXf \in X^{*} and a subsequence ΛN\Lambda \subset \mathbb{N} such that fn(x)f(x)f_{n}(x) \rightarrow f(x) for all xXx \in X as nΛ,nn \in \Lambda, n \rightarrow \infty. [You may use without proof the fact that XX^{*} is complete and that any bounded linear map f:DRf: D \rightarrow \mathbb{R}, where DXD \subset X is a dense linear subspace, can be extended uniquely to an element fXf \in X^{*}.]

(b) Let HH be a Hilbert space and U:HHU: H \rightarrow H a unitary map. Let

I={xH:Ux=x},W={Uxx:xH}I=\{x \in H: U x=x\}, \quad W=\{U x-x: x \in H\}

Prove that II and WW are orthogonal, H=IWˉH=I \oplus \bar{W}, and that for every xHx \in H,

limn1ni=0n1Uix=Px\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} U^{i} x=P x

where PP is the orthogonal projection onto the closed subspace II.

(c) Let T:C(S1)C(S1)T: C\left(S^{1}\right) \rightarrow C\left(S^{1}\right) be a linear map, where S1={eiθC:θR}S^{1}=\left\{e^{i \theta} \in \mathbb{C}: \theta \in \mathbb{R}\right\} is the unit circle, induced by a homeomorphism τ:S1S1\tau: S^{1} \rightarrow S^{1} by (Tf)eiθ=f(τ(eiθ))(T f) e^{i \theta}=f\left(\tau\left(e^{i \theta}\right)\right). Prove that there exists μC(S1)\mu \in C\left(S^{1}\right)^{*} with μ(1S1)=1\mu\left(1_{S^{1}}\right)=1 such that μ(Tf)=μ(f)\mu(T f)=\mu(f) for all fC(S1)f \in C\left(S^{1}\right). (Here 1S11_{S^{1}} denotes the function on S1S^{1} which returns 1 identically.) If TT is not the identity map, does it follow that μ\mu as above is necessarily unique? Justify your answer.

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