Part IB, 2014, Paper 2

Analysis II

• Paper 2, Section I, F

  Analysis II | Part IB, 2014

  Define what is meant by a uniformly continuous function on a set $E \subset \mathbb{R}$.

  If $f$ and $g$ are uniformly continuous functions on $\mathbb{R}$, is the (pointwise) product $f g$ necessarily uniformly continuous on $\mathbb{R}$ ?

  Is a uniformly continuous function on $(0,1)$ necessarily bounded?

  Is $\cos (1 / x)$ uniformly continuous on $(0,1) ?$

  Justify your answers.

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• Paper 2, Section II, $12 \mathrm{~F}$

  Analysis II | Part IB, 2014

  Let $X, Y$ be subsets of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and define $X+Y=\{x+y: x \in X, y \in Y\}$. For each of the following statements give a proof or a counterexample (with justification) as appropriate.

  (i) If each of $X, Y$ is bounded and closed, then $X+Y$ is bounded and closed.

  (ii) If $X$ is bounded and closed and $Y$ is closed, then $X+Y$ is closed.

  (iii) If $X, Y$ are both closed, then $X+Y$ is closed.

  (iv) If $X$ is open and $Y$ is closed, then $X+Y$ is open.

  [The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ may be assumed without proof.]

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Complex Analysis or Complex Methods

• Paper 2, Section II, B

  Complex Analysis or Complex Methods | Part IB, 2014

  By considering a rectangular contour, show that for $0<a<1$ we have

  $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{a x}}{e^{x}+1} d x=\frac{\pi}{\sin \pi a}$$

  Hence evaluate

  $$\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{d t}{t^{5 / 6}(1+t)}$$

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Electromagnetism

• Paper 2, Section I, A

  Electromagnetism | Part IB, 2014

  Starting from Maxwell's equations, deduce that

  $$\frac{d \Phi}{d t}=-\mathcal{E}$$

  for a moving circuit $C$, where $\Phi$ is the flux of $\mathbf{B}$ through the circuit and where the electromotive force $\mathcal{E}$ is defined to be

  $$\mathcal{E}=\oint_{\mathcal{C}}(\mathbf{E}+\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}) \cdot \mathbf{d} \mathbf{r}$$

  where $\mathbf{v}=\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{r})$ denotes the velocity of a point $\mathbf{r}$ on $C$.

  [Hint: Consider the closed surface consisting of the surface $S(t)$ bounded by $C(t)$, the surface $S(t+\delta t)$ bounded by $C(t+\delta t)$ and the surface $S^{\prime}$ stretching from $C(t)$ to $C(t+\delta t)$. Show that the flux of $\mathbf{B}$ through $S^{\prime}$ is $-\delta t \oint_{C} \mathbf{B} \cdot(\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{d r})$.]

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• Paper 2, Section II, A

  Electromagnetism | Part IB, 2014

  What is the relationship between the electric field $\mathbf{E}$ and the charge per unit area $\sigma$ on the surface of a perfect conductor?

  Consider a charge distribution $\rho(\mathbf{r})$ distributed with potential $\phi(\mathbf{r})$ over a finite volume $V$ within which there is a set of perfect conductors with charges $Q_{i}$, each at a potential $\phi_{i}$ (normalised such that the potential at infinity is zero). Using Maxwell's equations and the divergence theorem, derive a relationship between the electrostatic energy $W$ and a volume integral of an explicit function of the electric field $\mathbf{E}$, where

  $$W=\frac{1}{2} \int_{V} \rho \phi d \tau+\frac{1}{2} \sum_{i} Q_{i} \phi_{i}$$

  Consider $N$ concentric perfectly conducting spherical shells. Shell $n$ has radius $r_{n}$ (where $r_{n}>r_{n-1}$ ) and charge $q$ for $n=1$, and charge $2(-1)^{(n+1)} q$ for $n>1$. Show that

  $$W \propto \frac{1}{r_{1}},$$

  and determine the constant of proportionality.

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Fluid Dynamics

• Paper 2, Section I, B

  Fluid Dynamics | Part IB, 2014

  Consider the steady two-dimensional fluid velocity field

  $$\mathbf{u}=\left(\begin{array}{l} u \\ v \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ll} \epsilon & -\gamma \\ \gamma & -\epsilon \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{l} x \\ y \end{array}\right)$$

  where $\epsilon \geqslant 0$ and $\gamma \geqslant 0$. Show that the fluid is incompressible. The streamfunction $\psi$ is defined by $\mathbf{u}=\boldsymbol{\nabla} \times \boldsymbol{\Psi}$, where $\boldsymbol{\Psi}=(0,0, \psi)$. Show that $\psi$ is given by

  $$\psi=\epsilon x y-\frac{\gamma}{2}\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)$$

  Hence show that the streamlines are defined by

  $$(\epsilon-\gamma)(x+y)^{2}-(\epsilon+\gamma)(x-y)^{2}=C$$

  for $C$ a constant. For each of the three cases below, sketch the streamlines and briefly describe the flow. (i) $\epsilon=1, \gamma=0$, (ii) $\epsilon=0, \gamma=1$, (iii) $\epsilon=1, \gamma=1$.

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Geometry

• Paper 2, Section II, F

  Geometry | Part IB, 2014

  Let $H=\{x+i y: x, y \in \mathbb{R}, y>0\} \subset \mathbb{C}$ be the upper half-plane with a hyperbolic metric $g=\frac{d x^{2}+d y^{2}}{y^{2}}$. Prove that every hyperbolic circle $C$ in $H$ is also a Euclidean circle. Is the centre of $C$ as a hyperbolic circle always the same point as the centre of $C$ as a Euclidean circle? Give a proof or counterexample as appropriate.

  Let $A B C$ and $A^{\prime} B^{\prime} C^{\prime}$ be two hyperbolic triangles and denote the hyperbolic lengths of their sides by $a, b, c$ and $a^{\prime}, b^{\prime}, c^{\prime}$, respectively. Show that if $a=a^{\prime}, b=b^{\prime}$ and $c=c^{\prime}$, then there is a hyperbolic isometry taking $A B C$ to $A^{\prime} B^{\prime} C^{\prime}$. Is there always such an isometry if instead the triangles have one angle the same and $a=a^{\prime}, b=b^{\prime} ?$ Justify your answer.

  [Standard results on hyperbolic isometries may be assumed, provided they are clearly stated.]

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Groups, Rings and Modules

• Paper 2, Section I, $2 E$

  Groups, Rings and Modules | Part IB, 2014

  List the conjugacy classes of $A_{6}$ and determine their sizes. Hence prove that $A_{6}$ is simple.

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• Paper 2, Section II, 11E

  Groups, Rings and Modules | Part IB, 2014

  Prove that every finite integral domain is a field.

  Let $F$ be a field and $f$ an irreducible polynomial in the polynomial ring $F[X]$. Prove that $F[X] /(f)$ is a field, where $(f)$ denotes the ideal generated by $f$.

  Hence construct a field of 4 elements, and write down its multiplication table.

  Construct a field of order 9 .

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Linear Algebra

• Paper 2, Section I, G

  Linear Algebra | Part IB, 2014

  State and prove the Rank-Nullity Theorem.

  Let $\alpha$ be a linear map from $\mathbb{R}^{5}$ to $\mathbb{R}^{3}$. What are the possible dimensions of the kernel of $\alpha$ ? Justify your answer.

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• Paper 2, Section II, G

  Linear Algebra | Part IB, 2014

  Define the determinant of an $n \times n$ complex matrix $A$. Explain, with justification, how the determinant of $A$ changes when we perform row and column operations on $A$.

  Let $A, B, C$ be complex $n \times n$ matrices. Prove the following statements. (i) $\operatorname{det}\left(\begin{array}{cc}A & C \\ 0 & B\end{array}\right)=\operatorname{det} A \operatorname{det} B$. (ii) $\operatorname{det}\left(\begin{array}{cc}A & -B \\ B & A\end{array}\right)=\operatorname{det}(A+i B) \operatorname{det}(A-i B)$.

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Markov Chains

• Paper 2, Section II, H

  Markov Chains | Part IB, 2014

  Let $\left(X_{n}: n \geqslant 0\right)$ be a homogeneous Markov chain with state space $\mathrm{S}$ and transition matrix $P=\left(p_{i, j}: i, j \in S\right)$. For $A \subseteq S$, let

  $$H^{A}=\inf \left\{n \geqslant 0: X_{n} \in A\right\} \text { and } h_{i}^{A}=\mathbb{P}\left(H^{A}<\infty \mid X_{0}=i\right), i \in S$$

  Prove that $h^{A}=\left(h_{i}^{A}: i \in S\right)$ is the minimal non-negative solution to the equations

  $$h_{i}^{A}= \begin{cases}1 & \text { for } i \in A \\ \sum_{j \in S} p_{i, j} h_{j}^{A} & \text { otherwise. }\end{cases}$$

  Three people $A, B$ and $C$ play a series of two-player games. In the first game, two people play and the third person sits out. Any subsequent game is played between the winner of the previous game and the person sitting out the previous game. The overall winner of the series is the first person to win two consecutive games. The players are evenly matched so that in any game each of the two players has probability $\frac{1}{2}$ of winning the game, independently of all other games. For $n=1,2, \ldots$, let $X_{n}$ be the ordered pair consisting of the winners of games $n$ and $n+1$. Thus the state space is $\{A A, A B, A C, B A, B B, B C, C A, C B, C C\}$, and, for example, $X_{1}=A C$ if $A$ wins the first game and $C$ wins the second.

  The first game is between $A$ and $B$. Treating $A A, B B$ and $C C$ as absorbing states, or otherwise, find the probability of winning the series for each of the three players.

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Methods

• Paper 2, Section I, D

  Methods | Part IB, 2014

  (i) Calculate the Fourier series for the periodic extension on $\mathbb{R}$ of the function

  $$f(x)=x(1-x)$$

  defined on the interval $[0,1)$.

  (ii) Explain why the Fourier series for the periodic extension of $f^{\prime}(x)$ can be obtained by term-by-term differentiation of the series for $f(x)$.

  (iii) Let $G(x)$ be the Fourier series for the periodic extension of $f^{\prime}(x)$. Determine the value of $G(0)$ and explain briefly how it is related to the values of $f^{\prime}$.

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• Paper 2, Section II, 16D

  Methods | Part IB, 2014

  The Fourier transform $\tilde{f}$ of a function $f$ is defined as

  $$\tilde{f}(k)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) e^{-i k x} d x, \quad \text { so that } f(x)=\frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \tilde{f}(k) e^{i k x} d k$$

  A Green's function $G\left(t, t^{\prime}, x, x^{\prime}\right)$ for the diffusion equation in one spatial dimension satisfies

  $$\frac{\partial G}{\partial t}-D \frac{\partial^{2} G}{\partial x^{2}}=\delta\left(t-t^{\prime}\right) \delta\left(x-x^{\prime}\right)$$

  (a) By applying a Fourier transform, show that the Fourier transform $\tilde{G}$ of this Green's function and the Green's function $G$ are

  $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{G}\left(t, t^{\prime}, k, x^{\prime}\right) &=H\left(t-t^{\prime}\right) e^{-i k x^{\prime}} e^{-D k^{2}\left(t-t^{\prime}\right)} \\ G\left(t, t^{\prime}, x, x^{\prime}\right) &=\frac{H\left(t-t^{\prime}\right)}{\sqrt{4 \pi D\left(t-t^{\prime}\right)}} e^{-\frac{\left(x-x^{\prime}\right)^{2}}{4 D\left(t-t^{\prime}\right)}} \end{aligned}$$

  where $H$ is the Heaviside function. [Hint: The Fourier transform $\tilde{F}$ of a Gaussian $F(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4 \pi a}} e^{-\frac{x^{2}}{4 a}}, a=\mathrm{const}$, is given by $\left.\tilde{F}(k)=e^{-a k^{2}} .\right]$

  (b) The analogous result for the Green's function for the diffusion equation in two spatial dimensions is

  $$G\left(t, t^{\prime}, x, x^{\prime}, y, y^{\prime}\right)=\frac{H\left(t-t^{\prime}\right)}{4 \pi D\left(t-t^{\prime}\right)} e^{-\frac{1}{4 D\left(t-t^{\prime}\right)}\left[\left(x-x^{\prime}\right)^{2}+\left(y-y^{\prime}\right)^{2}\right]}$$

  Use this Green's function to construct a solution for $t \geqslant 0$ to the diffusion equation

  $$\frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t}-D\left(\frac{\partial^{2} \Psi}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} \Psi}{\partial y^{2}}\right)=p(t) \delta(x) \delta(y)$$

  with the initial condition $\Psi(0, x, y)=0$.

  Now set

  $$p(t)= \begin{cases}p_{0}=\mathrm{const} & \text { for } \quad 0 \leqslant t \leqslant t_{0} \\ 0 & \text { for } \quad t>t_{0}\end{cases}$$

  Find the solution $\Psi(t, x, y)$ for $t>t_{0}$ in terms of the exponential integral defined by

  $$E i(-\eta)=-\int_{\eta}^{\infty} \frac{e^{-\lambda}}{\lambda} d \lambda$$

  Use the approximation $E i(-\eta) \approx \ln \eta+C$, valid for $\eta \ll 1$, to simplify this solution $\Psi(t, x, y)$. Here $C \approx 0.577$ is Euler's constant.

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Metric and Topological Spaces

• Paper 2, Section $I$, E

  Metric and Topological Spaces | Part IB, 2014

  Let $X$ and $Y$ be topological spaces. What does it mean to say that a function $f: X \rightarrow Y$ is continuous?

  Are the following statements true or false? Give proofs or counterexamples.

  (i) Every continuous function $f: X \rightarrow Y$ is an open map, i.e. if $U$ is open in $X$ then $f(U)$ is open in $Y$.

  (ii) If $f: X \rightarrow Y$ is continuous and bijective then $f$ is a homeomorphism.

  (iii) If $f: X \rightarrow Y$ is continuous, open and bijective then $f$ is a homeomorphism.

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Numerical Analysis

• Paper 2, Section II, C

  Numerical Analysis | Part IB, 2014

  A linear functional acting on $f \in C^{k+1}[a, b]$ is approximated using a linear scheme $L(f)$. The approximation is exact when $f$ is a polynomial of degree $k$. The error is given by $\lambda(f)$. Starting from the Taylor formula for $f(x)$ with an integral remainder term, show that the error can be written in the form

  $$\lambda(f)=\frac{1}{k !} \int_{a}^{b} K(\theta) f^{(k+1)}(\theta) d \theta$$

  subject to a condition on $\lambda$ that you should specify. Give an expression for $K(\theta)$.

  Find $c_{0}, c_{1}$ and $c_{3}$ such that the approximation scheme

  $$f^{\prime \prime}(2) \approx c_{0} f(0)+c_{1} f(1)+c_{3} f(3)$$

  is exact for all $f$ that are polynomials of degree 2 . Assuming $f \in C^{3}[0,3]$, apply the Peano kernel theorem to the error. Find and sketch $K(\theta)$ for $k=2$.

  Find the minimum values for the constants $r$ and $s$ for which

  $$|\lambda(f)| \leqslant r\left\|f^{(3)}\right\|_{1} \quad \text { and } \quad|\lambda(f)| \leqslant s\left\|f^{(3)}\right\|_{\infty}$$

  and show explicitly that both error bounds hold for $f(x)=x^{3}$.

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Optimization

• Paper 2, Section I, H

  Optimization | Part IB, 2014

  Explain what is meant by a two-player zero-sum game with $m \times n$ pay-off matrix $P=\left(p_{i j}\right)$, and state the optimal strategies for each player.

  Find these optimal strategies when

  $$P=\left(\begin{array}{rr} -4 & 2 \\ 2 & -4 \end{array}\right)$$

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Quantum Mechanics

• Paper 2, Section II, A

  Quantum Mechanics | Part IB, 2014

  For an electron of mass $m$ in a hydrogen atom, the time-independent Schrödinger equation may be written as

  $$-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2 m r^{2}} \frac{\partial}{\partial r}\left(r^{2} \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial r}\right)+\frac{1}{2 m r^{2}} L^{2} \psi-\frac{e^{2}}{4 \pi \epsilon_{0} r} \psi=E \psi$$

  Consider normalised energy eigenstates of the form

  $$\psi_{l m}(r, \theta, \phi)=R(r) Y_{l m}(\theta, \phi)$$

  where $Y_{l m}$ are orbital angular momentum eigenstates:

  $$L^{2} Y_{l m}=\hbar^{2} l(l+1) Y_{l m}, \quad L_{3} Y_{l m}=\hbar m Y_{l m}$$

  where $l=1,2, \ldots$ and $m=0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \ldots \pm l$. The $Y_{l m}$ functions are normalised with $\int_{\theta=0}^{\pi} \int_{\phi=0}^{2 \pi}\left|Y_{l m}\right|^{2} \sin \theta d \theta d \phi=1 .$

  (i) Write down the resulting equation satisfied by $R(r)$, for fixed $l$. Show that it has solutions of the form

  $$R(r)=A r^{l} \exp \left(-\frac{r}{a(l+1)}\right)$$

  where $a$ is a constant which you should determine. Show that

  $$E=-\frac{e^{2}}{D \pi \epsilon_{0} a}$$

  where $D$ is an integer which you should find (in terms of $l$ ). Also, show that

  $$|A|^{2}=\frac{2^{2 l+3}}{a^{F} G !(l+1)^{H}},$$

  where $F, G$ and $H$ are integers that you should find in terms of $l$.

  (ii) Given the radius of the proton $r_{p} \ll a$, show that the probability of the electron being found within the proton is approximately

  $$\frac{2^{2 l+3}}{C}\left(\frac{r_{p}}{a}\right)^{2 l+3}\left[1+\mathcal{O}\left(\frac{r_{p}}{a}\right)\right]$$

  finding the integer $C$ in terms of $l$.

  [You may assume that $\int_{0}^{\infty} t^{l} e^{-t} d t=l !$.]

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Statistics

• Paper 2, Section I, H

  Statistics | Part IB, 2014

  There are 100 patients taking part in a trial of a new surgical procedure for a particular medical condition. Of these, 50 patients are randomly selected to receive the new procedure and the remaining 50 receive the old procedure. Six months later, a doctor assesses whether or not each patient has fully recovered. The results are shown below:

  \begin{tabular}{l|c|c} & Fully recovered & Not fully recovered \ \hline Old procedure & 25 & 25 \ \hline New procedure & 31 & 19 \end{tabular}

  The doctor is interested in whether there is a difference in full recovery rates for patients receiving the two procedures. Carry out an appropriate $5 \%$ significance level test, stating your hypotheses carefully. [You do not need to derive the test.] What conclusion should be reported to the doctor?

  [Hint: Let $\chi_{k}^{2}(\alpha)$ denote the upper $100 \alpha$ percentage point of a $\chi_{k}^{2}$ distribution. Then

  $$\left.\chi_{1}^{2}(0.05)=3.84, \chi_{2}^{2}(0.05)=5.99, \chi_{3}^{2}(0.05)=7.82, \chi_{4}^{2}(0.05)=9.49 .\right]$$

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Variational Principles

• Paper 2, Section II, C

  Variational Principles | Part IB, 2014

  Write down the Euler-Lagrange equation for the integral

  $$\int f\left(y, y^{\prime}, x\right) d x$$

  An ant is walking on the surface of a sphere, which is parameterised by $\theta \in[0, \pi]($ angle from top of sphere) and $\phi \in[0,2 \pi$ ) (azimuthal angle). The sphere is sticky towards the top and the bottom and so the ant's speed is proportional to $\sin \theta$. Show that the ant's fastest route between two points will be of the form

  $$\sinh (A \phi+B)=\cot \theta$$

  for some constants $A$ and $B$. $[A, B$ need not be determined.]

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