Write down the expressions for a general, time-dependent electric field $\mathbf{E}$ and magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$ in terms of a vector potential $\mathbf{A}$ and scalar potential $\phi$. What is meant by a gauge transformation of $\mathbf{A}$ and $\phi$ ? Show that $\mathbf{E}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ are unchanged under a gauge transformation.

A plane electromagnetic wave has vector and scalar potentials

$$\begin{aligned} \mathbf{A}(\mathbf{x}, t) &=\mathbf{A}_{0} e^{i(\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{x}-\omega t)} \\ \phi(\mathbf{x}, t) &=\phi_{0} e^{i(\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{x}-\omega t)} \end{aligned}$$

where $\mathbf{A}_{0}$ and $\phi_{0}$ are constants. Show that $\left(\mathbf{A}_{0}, \phi_{0}\right)$ can be modified to $\left(\mathbf{A}_{0}+\mu \mathbf{k}, \phi_{0}+\mu \omega\right)$ by a gauge transformation. What choice of $\mu$ leads to the modified $\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{x}, t)$ satisfying the Coulomb gauge condition $\boldsymbol{\nabla} \cdot \mathbf{A}=0$ ?