Paper 4, Section II, E

Numbers and Sets | Part IA, 2014

(i) State and prove the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle.

(ii) Let n>1n>1 be an integer. Denote by Z/nZ\mathbb{Z} / n \mathbb{Z} the integers modulo nn. Let XX be the set of all functions f:Z/nZ→Z/nZf: \mathbb{Z} / n \mathbb{Z} \rightarrow \mathbb{Z} / n \mathbb{Z} such that for every j∈Z/nZ,f(j)−f(j−1)≢jj \in \mathbb{Z} / n \mathbb{Z}, f(j)-f(j-1) \not \equiv j ( mod n)(\bmod n). Show that

∣X∣={(n−1)n+1−n if n is odd (n−1)n−1 if n is even |X|= \begin{cases}(n-1)^{n}+1-n & \text { if } n \text { is odd } \\ (n-1)^{n}-1 & \text { if } n \text { is even }\end{cases}

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