Define the binomial coefficient $\left(\begin{array}{l}n \\ i\end{array}\right)$, where $n$ is a positive integer and $i$ is an integer with $0 \leqslant i \leqslant n$. Arguing from your definition, show that $\sum_{i=0}^{n}\left(\begin{array}{l}n \\ i\end{array}\right)=2^{n}$.

Prove the binomial theorem, that $(1+x)^{n}=\sum_{i=0}^{n}\left(\begin{array}{l}n \\ i\end{array}\right) x^{i}$ for any real number $x$.

By differentiating this expression, or otherwise, evaluate $\sum_{i=0}^{n} i\left(\begin{array}{l}n \\ i\end{array}\right)$ and $\sum_{i=0}^{n} i^{2}\left(\begin{array}{l}n \\ i\end{array}\right)$. By considering the identity $(1+x)^{n}(1+x)^{n}=(1+x)^{2 n}$, or otherwise, show that

$$\sum_{i=0}^{n}\left(\begin{array}{l} n \\ i \end{array}\right)^{2}=\left(\begin{array}{c} 2 n \\ n \end{array}\right)$$

Show that $\sum_{i=0}^{n} i\left(\begin{array}{c}n \\ i\end{array}\right)^{2}=\frac{n}{2}\left(\begin{array}{c}2 n \\ n\end{array}\right)$